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JEE Advanced 2025 · Probability (Class 12)

A factory has a total of three manufacturing units M1M_{1}, M2M_{2} and M3M_{3}, which produce bulbs independent of each other. The units M1M_{1}, M2M_{2} and M3M_{3} produce bulbs in the proportions of 2:2:12 : 2 : 1, respectively. It is known that 20%20\% of the bulbs produced in the factory are defective. It is also known that, of all the bulbs produced by M1M_{1}, 15%15\% are defective. Suppose that, if a randomly chosen bulb produced in the factory is found to be defective, the probability that it was produced by M2M_{2} is 25\frac{2}{5}. If a bulb is chosen randomly from the bulbs produced by M3M_{3}, then the probability that it is defective is ______.

Answer: 0.300.30

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Written solution

P(M1):P(M2):P(M3)=2:2:1P(M_1):P(M_2):P(M_3)=2:2:1

P(D)=20%,P(D∣M1)=15%,P(M2∣D)=25P(D)=20\%,\quad P(D\mid M_1)=15\%,\quad P(M_2\mid D)=\dfrac{2}{5}

To find: P(D∣M3)\text{To find: } P(D\mid M_3)

P(M1)=25,P(M2)=25,P(M3)=15P(M_1)=\dfrac{2}{5},\quad P(M_2)=\dfrac{2}{5},\quad P(M_3)=\dfrac{1}{5}

P(M1)+P(M2)+P(M3)=1P(M_1)+P(M_2)+P(M_3)=1

Each Mi branches into D (defective) and D′ (sound)\text{Each } M_i \text{ branches into } D \text{ (defective) and } D' \text{ (sound)}

P(D)=P(M1)P(D∣M1)+P(M2)P(D∣M2)+P(M3)P(D∣M3)P(D)=P(M_1)P(D\mid M_1)+P(M_2)P(D\mid M_2)+P(M_3)P(D\mid M_3)

P(M2∣D)=P(D∣M2) P(M2)P(D)P(M_2\mid D)=\dfrac{P(D\mid M_2)\,P(M_2)}{P(D)}

25=P(D∣M2)⋅2515\dfrac{2}{5}=\dfrac{P(D\mid M_2)\cdot\dfrac{2}{5}}{\dfrac{1}{5}}

⇒P(D∣M2)=15\Rightarrow P(D\mid M_2)=\dfrac{1}{5}

0.2=25(0.15)+25(15)+15 x0.2=\dfrac{2}{5}(0.15)+\dfrac{2}{5}\left(\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\dfrac{1}{5}\,x

0.2=0.06+0.08+0.2x=0.14+0.2x0.2=0.06+0.08+0.2x=0.14+0.2x

0.2x=0.06 ⇒ x=0.30.2x=0.06\ \Rightarrow\ x=0.3

P(D∣M3)=0.3=310P(D\mid M_3)=0.3=\dfrac{3}{10}

P(D∣M2)P(M2)P(D)=(1/5)(2/5)0.2=25\dfrac{P(D\mid M_2)P(M_2)}{P(D)}=\dfrac{(1/5)(2/5)}{0.2}=\dfrac{2}{5}

P(D∣M3)=310\boxed{P(D\mid M_3)=\dfrac{3}{10}}

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